Non-criteria Antiphospholipid Antibodies: a narrative review

SUMMARY The 2006 Revised Sapporo Classification Criteria for Definite Antiphospholipid Syndrome included as laboratory criteria the tests for antiphospholipid antibodies whose accuracy was regarded as satisfactory according to the evidence available at that time. In practice, however, the sensitivity and specificity of these "criteria" of antiphospholipid antibodies are sometimes insufficient for identifying or ruling out antiphospholipid syndrome. It has been studied whether the accuracy of the laboratory diagnosis of the syndrome could be improved by testing for non-criteria antiphospholipid antibodies. In this work, we review evidence on the clinical associations and diagnostic value of the most commonly studied non-criteria antibodies, namely: antiphosphatidylethanolamine, anti-annexin A5, anti-prothrombin, anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin complex, IgA anticardiolipin, and IgG anti-domain I of the β2 glycoprotein antibodies.

RESUMO A classificação de Sapporo revisada para a síndrome antifosfolipídica definida de 2006 incluiu como critérios laboratoriais aqueles testes para anticorpos antifosfolípides cuja acurácia era considerada satisfatória de acordo com a evidência então disponível. Porém, na prática, a sensibilidade e especificidade desses anticorpos antifosfolípides "critério" são por vezes insuficientes para identificar ou descartar a síndrome antifosfolípide. Tem-se estudado se a acurácia do diagnóstico laboratorial da síndrome poderia ser melhorada por meio da testagem de anticorpos antifosfolípides não critério. Neste trabalho revisamos a evidência a respeito das associações clínicas e valor diagnóstico dos anticorpos não critério mais estudados, nomeadamente: anticorpos antifosfatidiletanolamina, antianexina A5, antiprotrombina, anticomplexo fosfatidilserina/protrombina, IgA anticardiolipina e IgG antidomínio I da anti-β2 glicoproteína I.

Trombosis venosa de sitio inusual: síndrome de Paget-Schroetter / Venous thrombosis of unusual site: Paget-Schroetter syndrome

RESUMEN Fundamento: la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa es una enfermedad clínica frecuente, asociada a múltiples factores de riesgo ya identificados. Existen presentaciones con localizaciones atípicas, como lo es la trombosis en miembro superior. Al ser su etiología en el 30 % de los casos la hipertrofia de músculos de la cintura escapular (síndrome de Paget-Schroetter), el cual siempre deberá ser sospechado en pacientes sanos que realicen actividades deportivas de máximo esfuerzo donde tanto el tratamiento farmacológico como quirúrgico ofrecerán una adecuada alternativa terapéutica. Objetivo: presentar un paciente joven con trombosis venosa de sitio inusual en miembro superior. Presentación del caso: se presenta el caso de un paciente joven de 20 años sano, deportista de alto rendimiento, quien acude a consulta por cuadro subagudo de signos inflamatorios y circulación colateral en miembro superior izquierdo, con posterior confirmación de trombosis venosa de sitio inusual, se descartan causas comunes, trombofilias y luego se confirma la hipertrofia de músculos escalenos como evento precipitante. Dada la duración del cuadro en su inicio es manejado con anticoagulación e intervenido de forma quirúrgica con adecuada respuesta. Conclusiones: la presencia de trombosis venosa de sitio inusual en miembro superior en pacientes jóvenes, sanos y deportistas obliga a sospechar el síndrome de Paget-Schroetter como principal causa, al permitir un adecuado manejo y pronóstico.

ABSTRACT Background: venous thromboembolic disease is a frequent clinical illness, associated with multiple risk factors already identified. There are presentations with atypical locations such as thrombosis in the upper limb. The etiology in the 30% of cases is the hypertrophy of the scapular waist muscles (Paget-Schroetter syndrome), which should always be suspected in healthy patients that practice sports to their maximum level, where both pharmacological and surgical treatment will offer an adequate alternative. Objective: to present a young patient with venous thrombosis of unusual site in the upper limb. Presentation of the case: we present the case of a 20-year-old healthy patient, previously a high-performance athlete, who went to consultation for a sub-acute symptomps of inflammatory signs and collateral circulation in the left upper limb, with subsequent confirmation of unusual site venous thrombosis. The common etiologies are ruled out and, finally, scalene hypertrophy known as Paget-Schroetter syndrome is confirmed. Given the duration of the symptoms, the anticoagulation is initially handled and subsequently he is surgically treated with an adequate response. Conclusions: the presence of unusual site venous thrombosis in upper limb in young, healthy and athletic patients forces us to be suspicious about the Paget-Schroetter syndrome as the main etiology allowing the correct handling and prognosis.

Clinical and imaging diagnosis of intracranial venous sinus and cerebral venous thrombosis / 中国康复理论与实践

@#ObjectiveTo study how to diagnose thrombosis of intracranial venous sinus and cerebral venous thrombosis(CVT). Methods6 cases with intracranial venous sinus and CVT were analysed by clinical features and imaging signs. ResultsMost patients had symptoms and signs of intracranial hypertension. Some patients manifested symptoms of whole brain or focal neurological deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance venography (MRV) play important roles for the diagnosis of intracranial venous sinus and CVT, however, digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is one of the most reliable method for early diagnosis of the above diseases.Conclusions According to clinical features and imaging signs, intracranial venous sinus and CVT could be diagnosed accurately .